THIRD WORLD CONFERENCE FOUNDATION

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The 21st Annual Third World Conference convened at the Swissotel, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A on March 22-25, 1995. The theme of the Conference is "Peace, Democracy & Development into the 21st Century." It continued the Third World Conference series which are internationally recognized for its unique format of discussion and inquiry into the development issues and events of the Third World and Diaspora communities. Each annual conference has strived to pose original questions, pursue in-depth analysis and provide practical solutions to key issues confronting the contemporary global system, especially Third World and Diaspora societies.

The Conference represented the knowledge, research, and applied work of leading scholars, analysts, regional and international experts from the United States, Canada, Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America and many Third World countries. Their combined efforts provided the compendium of interdisciplinary and intercultural research and analysis contributing to the success of the conference. It is these efforts and works that comprise the Proceedings of the 21st Annual Third World Conference and it is to these contributors that we are the most indebted.

The Proceedings provide the reader with critical analysis and broad understanding of the complex development problems in a constantly changing global system. On behalf of Dr. Winberg Chai, Chairperson, and the other members of the Board of Directors of the Third World Conference Foundation, I encourage you to examine these Proceedings and further explore the related social issues in preparation for the 21st century.

Again, we thank the 21st Annual Third World Conference presenters, discussants and participants for their participation and support. We also thank the Board of Directors and staff members of the Third World Conference Foundation. It is the combined efforts and dedication of all these people that made this Conference and this edition of Proceedings possible.

Dr. Roger K. Oden, Professor of Political Science President Third World Conference Foundation

Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.

The Proceedings of the Annual Third World Conference are part of the series of interdisciplinary and intercultural publications of the Third World Conference Foundation. They offer readers an extensive selection of contemporary thought and analysis of Third World issues and development questions from both regional and sub-regional perspectives. The Proceedings promote continued awareness of the problems facing Third World societies, and encourage others to become concerned with finding more just and humane strategies at the local, national, and global levels.

Correspondence should be directed to TWCF Publications Third World Conference Foundation, P.O. Box 53650, Chicago, Illinois 60653-0650. Manuscripts should be submitted in triplicate (one original and two clean copies) with floppy disk media indicating name and version of word processing program used. Manuscripts (typed onone side only) must be double-spaced, including the abstract, quotes, and notes. Notes should be placed at the end and be in the form used in the Chicago Manual of Style 13th ed., style B. A biographical statement of approximately 50 words and a IOQ·150 word abstract should accompany the manuscript. Copyright Policy of the Proceedings: all material not previously copyrighted will be copyrighted by TWCF Publications, with rights to sale and reprint reserved to the Proceedings, under the terms stated below. The Proceedings reserves the right to authorize reprinting of any work or portion thereof published in the Proceedings, for such fees as it may determine, after securing the consent of the author. Upon the request of the author, the Proceedings may authorize the reprinting of her/his work.

The Proceedings (ISSN 0885-2316) is published annually, following the annual Third World Conference by TWCF Publications, Inc., P.O. Box 53650, Chicago, Illinois 60653-0650. Copyright 1995 by the THIRD WORLD CONFERENCE FOUNDATION, INC. All rights reserved. No portion of the contents may be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher. Statements of fact or opinion appearing in the Proceedings are solely those of the authors and do not imply endorsement by the editors or publisher.

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Essays at a Glance

Part I: Educational Perspectives

Integration Should Be the Basic Orientation for the Adjustment of Chinese Higher Educational Subject System
Wugang Luo
The article examines the disintegrated and integrated development of subject structure in higher education of China. It argues that the integrative tendency will have superiority in the subject development of next century for the Chinese higher education. Critical analysis of the reasons is presented in the article.

"Teaming up for the 21st Century: Library Development and Technology"; Team Techniques for Assisting Librarians in Developing Countries
Jessie C. Smith
The author elaborates on the techniques used to provide technical assistance and training for two developing Third World countries: Zambia and Egypt between 1983 and 1993.

Distance Librarianship in the Third World: Issues and Challenges
Elizabeth F. Watson
Providing distance library services in the Third World countries encounters many issues and challenges. This paper explored a number of these constrains but concludes with a positive view that distance librarianship provides the profession with new and exciting opportunites to regain the lost status and image that had in the past.

Part II: Environmental and Development Issues

Household Fuel Usage, Indoor Air Pollution, and Health in the Navajo Nation
Eugene B. Shultz, Jr. & Wayne G. Bragg
Environment and health have often been key concerns accompanying the development experience of the Third World countries. The article discusses the current status of household stoves and stovefuels used in Navajo, the health impacts of woodsmoke and coalsmoke from old, faulty stoves, the conditions for growing rootfuel on the reservation and policy and strategy for coping with the problem.

Cookstove Programs in Developing Countries: A Critical Review
Edgar W. Schmidt
Cookstove programs became widespread in the Third World countries since it began in India in the 1940s. The author of examines the problems incured by the cookstove program and explores the advantages of improved cookstoves. It also proposes the continuation in stove grogram and research in the fields of stove design, the health effects, biomass smoke, and alternative fuels.

The Future of Mexican Maquiladoras: Lessons Learned from other Enterprise Zones
Whitney D. Erickson
This paper examines development patterns in Japan, Taiwan, and Portugal, and relevant cultural differences, to glean ideas that might help Mexico in its further development of maquiladoras. It argues that the maquiladoras should be looked upon as a long-term development effor, and that short-sighted policies must be rejected if social and environmental sustainability is to be enjoyed as well as economic prosperity.

The Environmental and Social Costs of the Maquiladora Industry in Mexico: The Impacts of NAFTA
Barbara R. Dilthey
The article looks at the Leslie Sklair's six criteria (1989) for the analysis of the maquiladora industry in Mexico. It also examines the impacts of NAFTA on the environmental and social issues related to the development of the maquiladora industry.

Part III: Demographic and Gender Development

Hypotheses and a Theory of High Abnormal Sex Ratio at Birth in China
Yongping Li
Professor Li examines the causes of abnormal sex ratio at birth from a theoretical framework in comparison with the declining birth rate in China. He also discusses the implied policy recommendation and the implication of the study of this phenomenon to other developing countries facing the same problem.

The Impact of Credit on Fertility Rates in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Peru and Ecuador
David C. Grace
The paper explores the influence of the small-scale credit programs on the fertility decisions of its recipients in the four Third World countries. It provides new evidence as well as a review of changes in socialeconomic behavior and suggests that support of credit programs is a viable strategy to assist the allevation of poverty.

A Primary Study of Spatial Consumption Among Married Women
in the Taipei Metropolis
Hung-Kai Wang, Chi-Tung Hung, and Shiow-Huey Wang The article employs a qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews in six unique ocal communities of Taipei to study how married women conceptualize urban consumptive spaces and use facilities. It aims to clarify the relationship among consumer behavior, activity patter in space, and gender.

The Politics of the Women's Movement in the Philippines
Ligaya Lindio-Mcgovern
The paper examines the politics of the Women's Movement in the Philippines. The author analyzes the ideology, strategies, agenda and difficulties in the movement, and points out certain implications of the movement over global feminism.

Income-Generating Projects for Poor Third-World Rural Women: Do They Reduce Fertility Rates?
Haruyo Nakamura
The author of this paper carried out six case studies in some developing countries on the effects of income generation over fertility rates. Based on these studies, the paper concludes that income generation is the single most significant factor over women's fertility rates in addition to other factors.

Global Family Planning: a Chance, Not a Choice A comparative analysis of prevalent views on overpopulation and overconsumption
Bennet C. Schmidt
As human population is growing fast all through the globe, this article examined and compared four different viewpoints on the global population problem as expressed by George Moffett, Jodi Jacobson, Betsy Hartmanm and Paul Harrison.

Part IV: Foreign Policies and Politics

Foreign Relations of the United States and the Study of the History of the Sino-American Relations (1911-49) -- Min Guo Archive 1993. NO. 3
Yi Liang
The paper examines the values and functions of the official diplomatic documents Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) from a Chinese historiographical point of view. The funtions of FRUS in studying the Sino-U.S. relations are also explored.

Development Perspectives in Third World Politics
R. Subramanian
The paper examines two diverse political frameworks, dictatorship and democracy, in the context of human development in the cases of two Third World countries: Uganda and India.

Effects of International Political Econmy on the Destruction of Pre-Colonial African Kingdoms
Paul S.Orogun
The author examines in this article the effects of the international political economy on the rise and demise of two precolonial African state formations. It concludes that Oyo and Ashanti responded rather differently to the external impulses of commerce, Christianity and conquest.